Reliable data on solar reflectance and thermal emittance are crucial for developing cool roofing and paving materials to combat Urban Heat Island effects and comply with green building regulations. Explore how Surface Optics handheld 410 Series Reflectometers compare to bench-top instrumentation for these measurements.
An urban heat island (UHI) refers to the phenomenon where urban areas experience significantly higher temperatures compared to their surrounding rural areas. Human activities and modifications to the landscape within urban environments primarily cause this temperature difference.
Factors contributing to the urban heat island effect include the absorption and retention of heat by materials like asphalt and concrete in urban infrastructure, the reduction of vegetation, which limits shade and evaporative cooling, heat generated by transportation and industrial processes, and altered wind patterns due to urban structures, hindering natural ventilation and resulting in the trapping of heat within cities.
Building codes often incorporate provisions related to heat island reduction to promote the construction and retrofitting of buildings and infrastructure that minimizes their contribution to the UHI effect. Heat island reduction strategies include using cool roofing materials and reflective paving for roads, sidewalks, courtyards, and parking structures. To meet these green building provisions and improve cool roofing and hardscape materials, roofing manufacturers and environmental engineering researchers require reliable performance data on solar reflectance and thermal emittance.
Solar reflectance and emittance values quantify a material’s ability to reflect sunlight and emit absorbed heat, respectively. These values are essential in assessing the performance of materials for cool roofing and paving applications.
Solar Reflectance (or Reflectivity)
Solar reflectance, often denoted by the symbol “R,” represents the fraction of incoming solar radiation that is reflected by a material’s surface. It is expressed as a decimal or percentage, with higher values indicating greater reflectivity. A material with high solar reflectance absorbs less solar energy, resulting in lower surface temperatures and reduced heat transfer into the building or surrounding environment. Cool roof materials typically have high solar reflectance to minimize heat absorption and mitigate the urban heat island effect.
Thermal Emittance
Thermal emittance, denoted by the symbol “ε” or “E,” measures a material’s ability to emit absorbed heat as thermal radiation. It represents the proportion of thermal energy (infrared radiation) emitted by a material’s surface relative to that emitted by a perfect blackbody at the same temperature. Thermal emittance values range from 0 to 1, with higher values indicating
greater emissivity. Materials with high thermal emittance efficiently release absorbed heat, allowing them to cool down faster and maintain lower surface temperatures. This property is crucial for cool roofing and paving materials to enhance their overall cooling performance.
Solar Reflectance Measurement Technique
The best standard technique for determining solar reflectance uses spectrophotometric measurements, with an integrating sphere to determine the reflectance at each different wavelength. The solar reflectance is then determined by an averaging process using a standard solar spectrum. This method is documented by ASTM (American Society for Testing and Materials) in standards E903 and E892.
When this data is not available, other, less detailed measurements are utilized. Manufacturers sometimes measure the visible reflectance. This is the reflectance in the visual part of the solar spectrum, with wavelengths of 400 to 700 nanometers. Usually, the visible reflectance is correlated with the solar reflectance, but the two quantities are not equal. For example, a good white coating with a solar reflectance of 0.8 typically has a visible reflectance of about 0.9.
